L-Taurine, Taurine

Taurine is classified as a non-essential amino acid produced in the liver from the intake of other amino acids, such as methionine, cysteine, and vitamin B6. It is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body, mainly in the central nervous system, in skeletal muscles, in the heart and brain, as well as in the intestines. It acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in conjunction with glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid and also works as an emulsifier of lipids in the small intestine, promoting their intestinal absorption.

  • Origin: Animal Product, Synthetic, Nonessential
  • Source: Meat, Fish, Beans, Beetroot, Walnuts, Nonessential, Synthetic
  • Type: Amino Acids
  • Age Range: Adults
  • Toxicity: Not toxic
  • Outcomes: Muscle Health, Muscular Endurance

What are Taurine benefits?

Taurine, also known as L-taurine, is a sulfur-containing amino acid not involved in protein synthesis, but ubiquitous in the body, especially concentrated in the brain, eyes, heart, and muscles. Unlike most other amino acids, taurine is not used to build proteins. Instead, it is classified as a conditionally essential amino acid. It is worth noting that taurine has several health benefits, such as a lower risk of disease, improved cardiovascular function, better sports performance, and the development and function of the brain, retina, and skeletal muscle. In addition, taurine can maintain proper hydration and electrolyte balance in cells, aids in the formation of bile salts, which play an important role in digestion, regulate minerals such as calcium within cells, supports the overall function of the central nervous system and eyes, and helps regulate immune system health and antioxidant function. Taurine is also being heavily researched as an anti-diabetic compound due to its actions on organs in the body of most concern to diabetics (kidneys, eyes, nerve health), as well as controlling blood sugar while reducing some forms of insulin resistance.

Table of relations

Outcome
Sub-Outcome
Consistent effects
Strength of effects
Scientific articles

Muscle Health Taurine and Muscle Health

The muscles are responsible for body movement, stabilization, regulation of organs, substance transportation and production of heat in addition to being strongly associated with the circulatory and nervous systems. Muscle quality is essential for well being. Supplements that help keep muscles healthy are related to different factors, such as glucose and insulin regulation, protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and others.
  • Muscular Endurance

    It is about the capacity of a muscle to repeatedly exercise during a set of movements. Compounds that improve power output are the ones which also have antifatigue effects.

Table of negative interactions

Foods
Meat, Shellfish

Related videos about Taurine

References

  1. a b Pansani MC, et al. Atrophic cardiac remodeling induced by taurine deficiency in Wistar ratsPLoS One. (2012)
  2. a b Jacobsen JG, Smith LH. Biochemistry and physiology of taurine and taurine derivativesPhysiol Rev. (1968)
  3. ^ Higuchi M, et al. Taurine plays an important role in the protection of spermatogonia from oxidative stressAmino Acids. (2012)
  4. a b c d e f Yang J, et al. Effects of taurine on male reproduction in rats of different agesJ Biomed Sci. (2010)
  5. ^ Huxtable RJ. Physiological actions of taurinePhysiol Rev. (1992)
  6. a b Uchida S, et al. Molecular cloning of the cDNA for an MDCK cell Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent taurine transporter that is regulated by hypertonicityProc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1992)
  7. ^ Bouckenooghe T, Remacle C, Reusens B. Is taurine a functional nutrientCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (2006)
  8. a b c d e Zhang CG, Kim SJ. Taurine induces anti-anxiety by activating strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in vivoAnn Nutr Metab. (2007)
  9. ^ Chapman RA, Suleiman MS, Earm YE. Taurine and the heartCardiovasc Res. (1993)
  10. ^ Chesney RW. Taurine: its biological role and clinical implicationsAdv Pediatr. (1985)
  11. a b Jong CJ, et al. Effect of beta-alanine treatment on mitochondrial taurine level and 5-taurinomethyluridine contentJ Biomed Sci. (2010)
  12. a b c d Ito T, et al. Cardiac and skeletal muscle abnormality in taurine transporter-knockout miceJ Biomed Sci. (2010)
  13. ^ Sturman JA. Dietary taurine and feline reproduction and developmentJ Nutr. (1991)
  14. ^ Pion PD, et al. Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: a reversible cardiomyopathyScience. (1987)
  15. ^ Lake N. Loss of cardiac myofibrils: mechanism of contractile deficits induced by taurine deficiencyAm J Physiol. (1993)
  16. ^ Cuisinier C, et al. Effects of guandinoethane sulfonate on contraction of skeletal muscleAdv Exp Med Biol. (2000)
  17. ^ Ito T, et al. Taurine depletion caused by knocking out the taurine transporter gene leads to cardiomyopathy with cardiac atrophyJ Mol Cell Cardiol. (2008)
  18. ^ Warskulat U, et al. Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromisedFASEB J. (2004)
  19. a b c Purchas RW, Busboom JR, Wilkinson BH. Changes in the forms of iron and in concentrations of taurine, carnosine, coenzyme Q(10), and creatine in beef longissimus muscle with cooking and simulated stomach and duodenal digestionMeat Sci. (2006)
  20. ^ Petrosian AM, Haroutounian JE. Taurine as a universal carrier of lipid soluble vitamins: a hypothesisAmino Acids. (2000)
  21. ^ Nakashima T, et al. Taurine in the liver. The function of taurine conjugated with bile acidsAdv Exp Med Biol. (1996)
  22. ^ Study of taurine and tauret content in the compound eye of locust with light and dark adaptation.
  23. a b Petrosian AM, Haroutounian JE, Zueva LV. Tauret. A taurine-related endogenous substance in the retina and its role in visionAdv Exp Med Biol. (1996)
  24. a b Frosini M, et al. Interactions of taurine and structurally related analogues with the GABAergic system and taurine binding sites of rabbit brainBr J Pharmacol. (2003)
  25. a b c Suárez LM, Solís JM. Taurine potentiates presynaptic NMDA receptors in hippocampal Schaffer collateral axonsEur J Neurosci. (2006)
  26. ^ Paquet M, et al. AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor subunits in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studyJ Neurosci. (1997)
  27. ^ Regional, cellular, and ultrastructural distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 in monkey hippocampus.
  28. ^ Mameli M, et al. Neurosteroid-induced plasticity of immature synapses via retrograde modulation of presynaptic NMDA receptorsJ Neurosci. (2005)
  29. ^ Bardoni R, et al. Presynaptic NMDA receptors modulate glutamate release from primary sensory neurons in rat spinal cord dorsal hornJ Neurosci. (2004)
  30. ^ Fiszman ML, et al. NMDA receptors increase the size of GABAergic terminals and enhance GABA releaseJ Neurosci. (2005)
  31. ^ Banerjee SP, et al. Neuropsychopharmacological actions of taurineAdv Exp Med Biol. (2013)
  32. a b c d Chan CY, et al. Direct interaction of taurine with the NMDA glutamate receptor subtype via multiple mechanismsAdv Exp Med Biol. (2013)
  33. a b c d Iio W, et al. The effects of oral taurine administration on behavior and hippocampal signal transduction in ratsAmino Acids. (2012)
  34. a b c Toyoda A, Iio W. Antidepressant-like effect of chronic taurine administration and its hippocampal signal transduction in ratsAdv Exp Med Biol. (2013)
  35. ^ Yakimova K, et al. Effects of GABA agonists and antagonists on temperature-sensitive neurones in the rat hypothalamusJ Physiol. (1996)
  36. ^ Barbeau A, et al. The neuropharmacology of taurineLife Sci. (1975)
  37. ^ Kuriyama K, Hashimoto T. Interrelationship between taurine and GABAAdv Exp Med Biol. (1998)
  38. ^ Bureau MH, Olsen RW. Taurine acts on a subclass of GABAA receptors in mammalian brain in vitroEur J Pharmacol. (1991)
  39. ^ Kontro P, Oja SS. Interactions of taurine with GABAB binding sites in mouse brainNeuropharmacology. (1990)
  40. ^ Smith SS, Li J. GABAB receptor stimulation by baclofen and taurine enhances excitatory amino acid induced phosphatidylinositol turnover in neonatal rat cerebellumNeurosci Lett. (1991)
  41. ^ Sarup A, Larsson OM, Schousboe A. GABA transporters and GABA-transaminase as drug targetsCurr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. (2003)
  42. ^ Pericić D, Manev H, Bujas M. Gonadal hormones and picrotoxin-induced convulsions in male and female ratsBrain Res. (1996)
  43. ^ Yang P, et al. Alterations of amino Acid level in depressed rat brain.Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. (2014)
  44. ^ Haas HL, Hösli L.. The depression of brain stem neurones by taurine and its interaction with strychnine and bicuculline.Brain Res. (1973)
  45. ^ New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines.
  46. ^ Iio W, et al. Effects of chronic social defeat stress on MAP kinase cascadeNeurosci Lett. (2011)
  47. ^ Ryan J. Anderson, et al. The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes – A meta-analysisDiabetes Care. (2001)
  48. a b c Caletti G, et al. Antidepressant dose of taurine increases mRNA expression of GABAA receptor α2 subunit and BDNF in the hippocampus of diabetic rats.Behav Brain Res.. (2015)
  49. ^ Rosane Gomez, et al. Lower in vivo brain extracellular GABA concentration in diabetic rats during forced swimmingBrain Research. (2003)
  50. ^ Vollenweider I, et al. Antidepressant-like properties of α2-containing GABA(A) receptors.Behav Brain Res. (2011)
  51. ^ Ming He, Jikun Wang. Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitusActa Bio. (2014)
  52. ^ Caletti G, et al. Antidepressant effect of taurine in diabetic rats.Amino Acids. (2012)
  53. ^ Park JY, You JS, Chang KJ. Dietary taurine intake, nutrients intake, dietary habits and life stress by depression in Korean female college students: a case-control studyJ Biomed Sci. (2010)
  54. ^ Sung MJ, Chang KJ. Correlations between dietary taurine intake and life stress in Korean college students.Adv Exp Med Biol. (2009)
  55. ^ Park SY, You JS, Chang KJ. Relationship among self-reported fatigue, dietary taurine intake, and dietary habits in Korean college students.Adv Exp Med Biol.. (2013)
  56. ^ You JS, Park JY, Chang KJ. A case-control study on the dietary taurine intake, nutrient status and life stress of functional constipation patients in Korean male college students.J Biomed Sci. (2010)
  57. ^ Trachtman H, et al. Taurine attenuates renal disease in chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathyAm J Physiol. (1992)
  58. ^ Wu QD, et al. Taurine prevents high-glucose-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosisAm J Physiol. (1999)
  59. a b Effects of Taurine on Biomarkers of oxidative stress in tissues of fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats.
  60. ^ Hanna J, et al. Protective effect of taurine against free radicals damage in the rat myocardiumExp Toxicol Pathol. (2004)
  61. ^ Kingston R, Kelly CJ, Murray P. The therapeutic role of taurine in ischaemia-reperfusion injuryCurr Pharm Des. (2004)
  62. ^ Baek YY, et al. Extracellular taurine induces angiogenesis by activating ERK-, Akt-, and FAK-dependent signal pathwaysEur J Pharmacol. (2012)
  63. ^ Moloney MA, et al. Two weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabeticsDiab Vasc Dis Res. (2010)
  64. ^ Nandhini AT, Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV. Taurine modifies insulin signaling enzymes in the fructose-fed insulin resistant ratsDiabetes Metab. (2005)
  65. ^ Nandhini AT, Anuradha CV. Taurine modulates kallikrein activity and glucose metabolism in insulin resistant ratsAmino Acids. (2002)
  66. ^ Catena C, et al. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in rats with fructose-induced hypertensionAm J Hypertens. (2003)
  67. ^ Taurine prevents collagen abnormalities in high-fructose fed rats.
  68. ^ Devamanoharan PS, Ali AH, Varma SD. Oxidative stress to rat lens in vitro: protection by taurineFree Radic Res. (1998)
  69. ^ Ra SG, et al. Additional effects of taurine on the benefits of BCAA intake for the delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle damage induced by high-intensity eccentric exerciseAdv Exp Med Biol. (2013)
  70. a b Rutherford JA, Spriet LL, Stellingwerff T. The effect of acute taurine ingestion on endurance performance and metabolism in well-trained cyclistsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2010)
  71. ^ Balshaw TG, et al. The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 3-km running performance in trained middle-distance runnersAmino Acids. (2012)
  72. ^ Lobo MV, Alonso FJ, del Río RM. Immunohistochemical localization of taurine in the male reproductive organs of the ratJ Histochem Cytochem. (2000)
  73. ^ Jana K, Samanta PK, De DK. Nicotine diminishes testicular gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in adult albino rats: possible influence on pituitary gonadotropins and alteration of testicular antioxidant statusToxicol Sci. (2010)
  74. ^ Das J, et al. Taurine protects rat testes against NaAsO(2)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via mitochondrial dependent and independent pathwaysToxicol Lett. (2009)
  75. ^ Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC. Cadmium induced testicular pathophysiology: prophylactic role of taurineReprod Toxicol. (2008)
  76. ^ Das J, et al. Taurine protects rat testes against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress as well as p53, Fas and caspase 12-mediated apoptosisAmino Acids. (2012)
  77. ^ Shrilatha B, Muralidhara. Early oxidative stress in testis and epididymal sperm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: its progression and genotoxic consequencesReprod Toxicol. (2007)
  78. ^ Tsounapi P, et al. Antioxidant treatment with edaravone or taurine ameliorates diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction in the ratMol Cell Biochem. (2012)
  79. a b c Yang J, et al. CSD mRNA expression in rat testis and the effect of taurine on testosterone secretionAmino Acids. (2010)
  80. a b Ratamess NA, et al. Effects of an amino acid/creatine energy supplement on the acute hormonal response to resistance exerciseInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2007)
  81. ^ Aruoma OI, et al. The antioxidant action of taurine, hypotaurine and their metabolic precursorsBiochem J. (1988)
  82. ^ Schaffer SW, et al. Physiological roles of taurine in heart and muscleJ Biomed Sci. (2010)
  83. a b Jong CJ, Azuma J, Schaffer S. Mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of taurine: prevention of mitochondrial oxidant productionAmino Acids. (2012)
  84. ^ Ricci C, et al. Mitochondrial DNA damage triggers mitochondrial-superoxide generation and apoptosisAm J Physiol Cell Physiol. (2008)
  85. ^ Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species.
  86. ^ Schaffer SW, Azuma J, Mozaffari M. Role of antioxidant activity of taurine in diabetesCan J Physiol Pharmacol. (2009)
  87. ^ Gondo Y, et al. Effect of taurine on mRNA expression of thioredoxin interacting protein in Caco-2 cellsBiochem Biophys Res Commun. (2012)
  88. ^ Retinal morphology and visual pigment levels in 6-and 12-month-old rhesus monkeys fed a taurine-free human infant formula.
  89. ^ Retinal degeneration in primates raised on a synthetic human infant formula.
  90. ^ Schmidt SY, Berson EL, Hayes KC. Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. I. Taurine deficiencyInvest Ophthalmol. (1976)
  91. ^ Hayes KC, Carey RE, Schmidt SY. Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the catScience. (1975)
  92. ^ Quesada O, Huxtable RJ, Pasantes-Morales H. Effect of guanidinoethane sulfonate on taurine uptake by rat retinaJ Neurosci Res. (1984)
  93. ^ Pasantes-Morales H, et al. Effects of the taurine transport antagonist, guanidinoethane sulfonate, and beta-alanine on the morphology of rat retinaJ Neurosci Res. (1983)
  94. ^ Petrosian AM, et al. New HPLC evidence on endogenous tauret in retina and pigment epitheliumAdv Exp Med Biol. (2000)
  95. ^ Petrosian AM, Poghosyan LA, Haroutounian JE. Study of taurine and tauret content in the compound eye of locust with light and dark adaptationAmino Acids. (2006)
  96. ^ Altshuler D, et al. Taurine promotes the differentiation of a vertebrate retinal cell type in vitroDevelopment. (1993)
  97. ^ Pasantes-Morales H, Morán J, Schousboe A. Taurine release associated to cell swelling in the nervous systemProg Clin Biol Res. (1990)
  98. ^ Petrosian AM, Haroutounian JE. The role of taurine in osmotic, mechanical, and chemical protection of the retinal rod outer segmentsAdv Exp Med Biol. (1998)
  99. ^ Son HY, Kim H, H Kwon Y. Taurine prevents oxidative damage of high glucose-induced cataractogenesis in isolated rat lensesJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2007)
  100. a b Potential therapeutic effect of antioxidants in experimental diabetic retina: a comparison between chronic taurine and vitamin E plus selenium supplementations.
  101. ^ Guz G, et al. The effect of taurine on renal ischemia/reperfusion injuryAmino Acids. (2007)
  102. ^ Tabassum H, et al. Nephrotoxicity and its prevention by taurine in tamoxifen induced oxidative stress in miceHum Exp Toxicol. (2007)
  103. ^ Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC. Taurine plays a beneficial role against cadmium-induced oxidative renal dysfunctionAmino Acids. (2009)
  104. ^ Trachtman H, et al. Taurine ameliorates chronic streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in ratsAm J Physiol. (1995)
  105. ^ Schuller-Levis G, et al. Taurine protects against oxidant-induced lung injury: possible mechanism(s) of actionAdv Exp Med Biol. (1994)
  106. ^ Acharya M, Lau-Cam CA. Comparison of the protective actions of N-acetylcysteine, hypotaurine and taurine against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the ratJ Biomed Sci. (2010)
  107. ^ Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC. Taurine, a conditionally essential amino acid, ameliorates arsenic-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytesToxicol In Vitro. (2007)
  108. a b Warskulat U, et al. Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblastsExp Dermatol. (2008)
  109. ^ Shao A, Hathcock JN. Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginineRegul Toxicol Pharmacol. (2008)
  110. Beyranvand MR, et al. Effect of taurine supplementation on exercise capacity of patients with heart failureJ Cardiol. (2011)
  111. Bahadoran Z, et al. The Nitrate-Independent Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Beetroot Juice: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisAdv Nutr. (2017)
  112. Lara J, et al. Effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysisEur J Nutr. (2016)
  113. Aune D, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studiesInt J Epidemiol. (2017)
  114. Ried K. Garlic Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals, Regulates Serum Cholesterol, and Stimulates Immunity: An Updated Meta-analysis and ReviewJ Nutr. (2016)
  115. Ried K, Toben C, Fakler P. Effect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysisNutr Rev. (2013)
  116. El Asmar MS, Naoum JJ, Arbid EJ. Vitamin k dependent proteins and the role of vitamin k2 in the modulation of vascular calcification: a reviewOman Med J. (2014)
  117. Knapen MH, et al. Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trialThromb Haemost. (2015)
  118. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.
  119. Cockayne S, et al. Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsArch Intern Med. (2006)
  120. Kodama S, et al. Fasting and post-challenge glucose as quantitative cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysisJ Atheroscler Thromb. (2012)
  121. Mannucci E, et al. Is glucose control important for prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes?Diabetes Care. (2013)
  122. Lan J, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertensionJ Ethnopharmacol. (2015)
  123. Ahmadian M, Dabidi Roshan V, Ashourpore E. Taurine Supplementation Improves Functional Capacity, Myocardial Oxygen Consumption, and Electrical Activity in Heart FailureJ Diet Suppl. (2017)
  124. Ahmadian M, et al. Taurine supplementation has anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects before and after incremental exercise in heart failureTher Adv Cardiovasc Dis. (2017)
  125. Sun Q, et al. Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled StudyHypertension. (2016)
  126. Militante JD, Lombardini JB. Treatment of hypertension with oral taurine: experimental and clinical studiesAmino Acids. (2002)